Testing protocols and measurement techniques when using pressure sensors for sport and health applications: A comparative review.

Plantar pressure measurement systems are routinely used in sports and health applications to assess locomotion. The purpose of this review is to describe and critically discuss: (a) applications of the pressure measurement systems in sport and healthcare, (b) testing protocols and considerations for clinical gait analysis, (c) clinical recommendations for interpreting plantar pressure data, (d) calibration procedures and their accuracy, and (e) the future of pressure sensor data analysis. Rigid pressure platforms are typically used to measure plantar pressures for the assessment of foot function during standing and walking, particularly when barefoot, and are the most accurate for measuring plantar pressures. For reliable data, two step protocol prior to contacting the pressure plate is recommended. In-shoe systems are most suitable for measuring plantar pressures in the field during daily living or dynamic sporting movements as they are often wireless and can measure multiple steps. They are the most suitable equipment to assess the effects of footwear and orthotics on plantar pressures. However, they typically have lower spatial resolution and sampling frequency than platform systems. Users of pressure measurement systems need to consider the suitability of the calibration procedures for their chosen application when selecting and using a pressure measurement system. For some applications, a bespoke calibration procedure is required to improve validity and reliability of the pressure measurement system. The testing machines that are commonly used for dynamic calibration of pressure measurement systems frequently have loading rates of less than even those found in walking, so the development of testing protocols that truly measure the loading rates found in many sporting movements are required. There is clear potential for AI techniques to assist in the analysis and interpretation of plantar pressure data to enable the more complete use of pressure system data in clinical diagnoses and monitoring.

Commercially available pressure sensors for sport and health applications: A comparative review.

Pressure measurement systems have numerous applications in healthcare and sport. The purpose of this review is to: (a) describe the brief history of the development of pressure sensors for clinical and sport applications, (b) discuss the design requirements for pressure measurement systems for different applications, (c) critique the suitability, reliability, and validity of commercial pressure measurement systems, and (d) suggest future directions for the development of pressure measurements systems in this area. Commercial pressure measurement systems generally use capacitive or resistive sensors, and typically capacitive sensors have been reported to be more valid and reliable than resistive sensors for prolonged use. It is important to acknowledge, however, that the selection of sensors is contingent upon the specific application requirements. Recent improvements in sensor and wireless technology and computational power have resulted in systems that have higher sensor density and sampling frequency with improved usability - thinner, lighter platforms, some of which are wireless, and reduced the obtrusiveness of in-shoe systems due to wireless data transmission and smaller data-logger and control units. Future developments of pressure sensors should focus on the design of systems that can measure or accurately predict shear stresses in conjunction with pressure, as it is thought the combination of both contributes to the development of pressure ulcers and diabetic plantar ulcers. The focus for the development of in-shoe pressure measurement systems is to minimise any potential interference to the patient or athlete, and to reduce power consumption of the wireless systems to improve the battery life, so these systems can be used to monitor daily activity. A potential solution to reduce the obtrusiveness of in-shoe systems include thin flexible pressure sensors which can be incorporated into socks. Although some experimental systems are available further work is needed to improve their validity and reliability.

Extensive variation in the intelectin gene family in laboratory and wild mouse strains.

Intelectins are a family of multimeric secreted proteins that bind microbe-specific glycans. Both genetic and functional studies have suggested that intelectins have an important role in innate immunity and are involved in the etiology of various human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Experiments investigating the role of intelectins in human disease using mouse models are limited by the fact that there is not a clear one-to-one relationship between intelectin genes in humans and mice, and that the number of intelectin genes varies between different mouse strains. In this study we show by gene sequence and gene expression analysis that human intelectin-1 (ITLN1) has multiple orthologues in mice, including a functional homologue Itln1; however, human intelectin-2 has no such orthologue or homologue. We confirm that all sub-strains of the C57 mouse strain have a large deletion resulting in retention of only one intelectin gene, Itln1. The majority of laboratory strains have a full complement of six intelectin genes, except CAST, SPRET, SKIVE, MOLF and PANCEVO strains, which are derived from different mouse species/subspecies and encode different complements of intelectin genes. In wild mice, intelectin deletions are polymorphic in Mus musculus castaneus and Mus musculus domesticus. Further sequence analysis shows that Itln3 and Itln5 are polymorphic pseudogenes due to premature truncating mutations, and that mouse Itln1 has undergone recent adaptive evolution. Taken together, our study shows extensive diversity in intelectin genes in both laboratory and wild-mice, suggesting a pattern of birth-and-death evolution. In addition, our data provide a foundation for further experimental investigation of the role of intelectins in disease.

El ideal del yo y el ideal del self / The ego ideal and the ideal self / L'idéal du moi et l'idéal du self

Los autores parten de la necesidad de clarificación conceptual que les surgió en el proceso de indexación de características clínicas para poder diferenciar entre yo, ideal del yo y superyó. Comienzan con el estudio de la obra de Freud, en la que se centran en los diferentes sentidos que se le da al término ideal del yo. Muestran la complejidad y evolución del pensamiento de Freud y que, en definitiva, Freud no está preocupado por diferenciar los conceptos de ideal del yo y superyó. Prosiguen con la revisión de autores que distinguen o no entre ideal del yo y superyó. No entran en la distinción entre ideal del yo y yo ideal. Finalmente, aluden a la diferencia entre el yo instancia de la teoría estructural, y el self en el sentido introducido por Hartmann de representación investida como un objeto. En ello se apoyan para proponer el concepto del ideal del self, que definen como aquello que a uno le gustaría llegar a ser, cómo le gustaría a uno verse o que le vean. Lo contraponen con el ideal del objeto, y estudian las diferentes fuentes en las que puede originarse, refiriéndose a cómo puede manifestarse en la clínica

Prompted by the need for conceptual clarification which arose in the course of indexing clinical features in arder to distinguish between ego, ego ideal and superego, the authors examine the work of Freud, with a focus u pon the different facets of the term "ego ideal". They demonstrate the complexity and evolution of Freud's thought, and that, ultimately, Freud is unconcerned with drawing a distinction between the concepts of ego ideal and superego. They go on to review subsequent authors who do or do not distinguish between ego ideal and superego. They do not enter in to distinctions between ego ideal and ideal ego. Finally, they ref er to the difference between the "agency of the ego" of structural theory, and the "self", in the sense introduced by Hartmann, of a representation invested like an object. This is used to shore up the concept of the ideal self, defined as what I want to become, how I want to see myself or how I want others to see me. This they contrast with the ideal object, which gains its content from a variety of sources, referring to how this may show itself in a clinical setting

Les auteurs partent du besoin de clarification conceptuelle surgí au long du processus d'indexation de caractéristiques cliniques pour pouvoir différencier entre moi, idéal du moi et surmoi. Ils commencent par étudier l' ceuvre de Freud, ou ils se centrent sur les différents sens attribués au terme idéal du moi. Ils montrent la complexité et l' évolution de la pensée de Freud et qu' en définitive, la différentiation des concepts d'Idéal du Moi et de Surmoi ne constituait pas une préoccupation pour Freud. Ils continuent en révisant les auteurs qui distinguent ou ne distinguent pas entre idéal du moi et moi idéal. Pour finir, ils font référence a la différence entre le moi en tant qu'instance de la théorie structurelle, et le self dans le sens propasé par Hartmann en tant que représentation investie comme un objet. Ils s'appuient sur cela pour proposer le concept d'idéal du self, qu'ils définissent comme ce que l'on voudrait arriver a étre, comment l' on voudrait se voir ou étre vu par les autres. Ils l' opposent a l' idéal de l' objet, et ils étudient les diff érentes sources dont ils peuvent provenir, tout en faisant référence a leurs différentes manifestations cliniques